More than 50 per cent of its territory was outside the municipal jurisdiction of the state since Pakistan had failed to bring the whole of Balochistan under the normal writ of the state and had preserved till 2018 the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) as a relic of the British Raj’s “buffer” territory. The problem of “extraterritoriality” has been the most pressing problem in Pakistan’s governance under the doctrine of jihad. There can be no governance when the state is not sovereign, even internally. States can tolerate the diminution of external sovereignty - mostly owing to economic weakness - but they cannot survive the surrender of internal sovereignty. In terms of governance, the jihadi state has to surrender internal sovereignty because private jihadi organisations have to be located in civil society and have to be exempted from municipal law in respect of their use of weapons and training.
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